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A zero-tolerance policy in schools is a policy of punishing any infraction of a rule, regardless of accidental mistakes, ignorance, or extenuating circumstances. In schools, common zero-tolerance policies concern possession or use of illicit drugs or weapons. Students, and sometimes staff, parents, and other visitors, who possess a banned item for any reason are always (if the policy is followed) to be punished. In the United States and Canada, zero-tolerance policies have been adopted in various schools and other education venues. Zero-tolerance policies in the United States became widespread in 1994, after federal legislation required states to expel any student who brought a firearm to school for one year, or lose all federal funding.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zero-tolerance policies lack flexibility )〕 These policies are promoted as preventing drug abuse and violence in schools. Critics say zero tolerance in schools have resulted in punishments which have been criticised as egregiously unfair against students and teachers, especially in schools with poorly written policies. Consequently, critics describe these policies as zero-logic policies because they treat juveniles the way that adults would be treated — or more harshly, given that children are seldom granted full permission to speak up in their own defence to adults with authority over them. Many people have been critical of zero tolerance policies, claiming they are extremely harsh rules which do not benefit anyone. Also claiming that the rules over-crowd courts and are disproportionately harmful to racial minorities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=LA schools to end zero-tolerance policies and criminalization of students )〕 ==Research== There is no credible evidence that zero tolerance reduces violence or drug abuse by students.〔 Furthermore, school suspension and expulsion result in a number of negative outcomes for both schools and students.〔Russell J. Skiba (Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence: An Analysis of School Disciplinary Practice ) Policy Research Report #SRS2 August, 2000〕 The American Bar Association has found that the evidence indicates that minority children are the most likely to suffer the negative consequences of zero tolerance policies. Analysis of the suspension rate of students show that black females and other racial minorities are suspended at a greater rate.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ARE WE CLOSING THE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE GAP? )〕 The American Psychological Association concluded that the available evidence does not support the use of zero tolerance policies as defined and implemented, that there is a clear need to modify such policies, and that the policies create a number of unintended negative consequences,〔Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. (''American Psychologist,'' December 2008. )〕〔(Zero Tolerance Policies: no substitute for good judgment ) Summary of the APA Task Force Report at everydaypsychology.com〕 including making schools "less safe".〔 In 2014, a study of school discipline figures was conducted. It was found that suspensions and expulsions as a result of zero tolerance policies have not reduced school disruptions. The study's author stated that "zero tolerance approaches to school discipline are not the best way to create a safe climate for learning".〔Skiba, R. J. (2014). (The Failure of Zero Tolerance. Reclaiming Children & Youth ), 22(4), 27-33.〕 Another study says that zero tolerance policies are viewed as a quick fix solution for student problems.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zero-tolerance still in use despite lack of evidence )〕〔Martinez, S. (2009). A system gone berserk: How are zero-tolerance policies really affecting schools? Preventing School Failure,53(3), 153-157.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=From Zero Tolerance to Early Intervention: The Evolution of School Anti-bullying Policy )〕 While this seems like a simple action-reaction type of situation, it often leaves out the mitigating circumstances that are often the important details in student incidents. Even civilian judges consider mitigating circumstances before passing judgement or sentencing. If zero tolerance policies were applied in adult courtroom scenarios, they would be fundamentally unjust and unconstitutional due to neglecting the laws involving due process, along with cruel and unusual punishments. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zero tolerance (schools)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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